国内外犯罪地理学研究进展评析

国外犯罪地理发展过程体现出内容体系不断完善、方法技术日益成熟、学科融合趋势明显三个显著特征。针对国外犯罪地理的具体内容,分别论述了犯罪制图的发展过程与犯罪热点辨识的方法演进,概括了国外犯罪地理领域影响最大的社会解组理论和日常活动理论的主要内容和发展现状,进而简要的评析了国外犯罪地理研究的发展趋势及不足。文章接着通过对所收集到的国内相关研究的总结,将我国犯罪地理学的发展归纳为理论初探、缓慢发展和微观转向三个阶段,并简述了每个阶段内主要的研究成果及发展特点。最后提出了进一步促进我国犯罪地理研究发展的几点建议。

REVIEW OF STUDIES ON CRIMINAL GEOGRAPHY

Crime studies have become a collective focus of researchers from geography,planning,sociology etc.In terms of the specific contents of crime geography,the authors firstly depict the developments of the crime mapping and criminal hotspots detection since the exploration of crime distribution,crime mapping and hotspots identification are the starting points and fundamental base of crime analysis.Then the social disorganization theory and routine activities theory which are most influential in the field of criminal geography are introduced.The main ideas,the development from the beginning till now as well as the correlation of both theories are described and discussed.Social disorganization theory deriving from the Chicago school considers the environmental condition to be the most important determinants for the occurrences of crime.This theory argued that a high degree of social and economic deprivation,population turnover,and ethnic heterogeneity in a neighborhood which will cause the social disorganization are three aspects that may destroy the ability of social control from the residents and stimulate more people to commit crimes.Routine activities theory focuses on the opportunities created by the routine activities of people.Although there are some features in common between both theories,such as the emphasis of social control,the discrepancies between them do exist,the most significant one of which is what causes the occurrence of crime.Social disorganization theory treats the momentum which are usually generated in the tough environment as the main reason for criminal activities,while routine activities emphasize how much the opportunities are created by the routine activities of people is the core issue.Three steps were generalized which are the primary attempt,slow development and micro orientation respectively.The importance to conduct research on criminal geography in China is being realized by the public as well as the authorities,more and more valuable data will be available to the researchers,so it is promising to see the proliferation of criminal geography in China.Therefore some suggestions on promoting the development of domestic studies in terms of criminal geography are proposed at last.