清季三司兩道改制

清末仿行憲政,由皇朝體制轉爲立憲官制,内外相維的設制須相應改爲上下貫注。作爲清代省一級行政主體的司道,是理順上下關係的重要關節。受制於財政困窘及内外官制改革不同步,司道改制最終放棄了全盤更新的方案,改爲舊制框架内進行調整,設置三司兩道。儘管司道改制類型不同、各地進展不一,卻均以歸并局所、裁撤舊官爲基礎,實行分科治事,逐漸推進政體變革,擴展了社會職能,成爲民初省級行政架構的雛形。

The System Reform of Sansi Liangdao in the End of Qing Period

When the Qing dynasty imitated to practice the constitutionalism,the imperial system was transformed to constitutional bureaucracy.The Si (司)and Dao(道),as the provincial administrative organ at that time,was the crucial joint to straighten the relationship between the upper and lower.Subject to the financial difficulties and the unsuccessful bureaucracy reform,the overall restructuring program for it was finally given up and instead the system of Sansi Liangdao was established as the adjustment made within the old framework.The changes in different areas were of different types and in different paces,but they were all based on the merge of bureaus and cut-down of old officials.Specific departments were set for different affairs,regime changes were promoted gradually,and social functions were widely expanded,and it later became the prototype of provincial administrative structure in the early time of Republic of China.