水电煤:近代上海公用事业演进及华洋不同心态

上海开埠后，租界当局和外侨在英法租界创建水电煤等近代公用事业，对此上海人有过惧怕、抵制，但更多的是刺激、羡慕，并最终走向认同。华界七绅向两方先进物质文明学习，努力变被动近代化为主动近代化，在华界自办照明和供水系统等公用事业，也取得了一定的成功。租界当局和外商水电煤公司将上海城市近代化的进程完全置于他们的操纵之下，并利用其政治上的特权，从而达到扩张政治影响、扩展租界势力范围、分享巨大的经济利益的目的，但客观上也促进了上海照明和供水系统的建设，极大提高了上海城市近代化的程度。

Water,Electricity and Gas:The Evolution of the Public Utilities in Modern Shanghai and Different Psychologies Between Chinese and Foreigners

Since Shanghai opened as a trade port,the authorities of the foreign concessions and foreign residents established modern public utilities,including water,electricity and gas at the International Settlement and the French Concession.Toward them,Shanghai Chinese at first had their fear and rejection,but more stimulation and admiration,and identification finally.Gentlemen in the Chinese area started to learn Western advanced civilization,and tried to change the passive modernization into the initiative one.They established their own water,electricity and gas enterprises,and achieved some success.Authorities of the foreign concessions and foreign companies of water,electricity and gas controlled the whole course of Shanghai city modernization,and they used their political privileges to dilate their political influence,expand the foreign concessions and share gigantic economic interests.However they accelerated the construction of the public utilities in Shanghai,and boosted the extent of Shanghai city modernization tremendously.