游牧方式与草原生态——传统时代呼盟草原的冬营地

本文以 2 0世纪 30年代的日文调查资料为主 ,对呼伦贝尔草原冬营地时期的人、畜和草原的关系进行了剖析。首先 ,当时的营地选择以草原合理利用为基础 ,兼顾人畜的生活条件。其次 ,游牧民在冬营地的移动有不同的层次 ,有从夏营地到冬营地的大移动 ,也有在冬营地内的小移动 ,另外 ,为适应草原生态 ,冬营期实行分类放牧。为了抵御雪灾 ,一些游牧民开始受俄国人的影响 ,利用干草 ,甚至有的人在此基础上 ,实现了半游牧。不断移营不是过去游牧民天然之喜好 ,是人为适应草原生态而必然采用的一种生产方式

Study on the Nomadic Ways and the Rangeland Ecology

Based on the Japanese data in 1930's, the relationship among nomadic people, livestock and rangeland during winter-camping-ground period were discussed in this paper. Firstly, the selection of the camping ground was based on the rational utilization of the grassland, and also the attention to the living condition of people and livestock were given. Secondly, different levels of horde shift in winter camping ground, such as the long shifts from summer's camping ground to winter's camping ground and the short shifts within the winter's camping ground, were there. Moreover, assorting herding was also carried out in winter's camping ground for the adaptation to the rangeland ecology. In order to protect from snowy calamity, some nomadic people adopted the method of Russian to use hay as forage, and some of those even became semi-nomads. Changing camping site was not a natural jubilation of nomadic people, but a mode of production that man had to adopt for adapting to the rangeland ecology.