被遗忘的曼陀罗：唐代初传的金刚界曼陀罗

本文探讨了金刚智、不空师徒初传于唐代的金刚界曼陀罗(即《金刚顶经》所述的金刚界大曼陀罗),作者一反过去成见,试图阐明以拟人化的形式表现的金刚界三十七尊的曼陀罗并非唐代初传期的金刚界曼陀罗,而最可能是由不空的弟子,即惠果等辈于8世纪末或9世纪初所完成的。证诸史料,金刚智、不空忠实于根本经典《金刚顶经》的指示,大日如来的四亲近,即四波罗蜜是以三昧耶形的形式出现。但此种金刚界曼陀罗,在9世纪初的中国似乎被以菩萨形表现的四波罗蜜完全取代,消失于历史洪流之中。反观藏传的金刚界曼陀罗,数百年来波罗蜜形与拟人化的四波罗蜜图像并行不悖,在一定程度上反映了汉藏传法演教历史的歧异。

The Lost Mandala:the Origin of Vajradhatu Mandala in Tang

The article discusses the Vajra-dhatu Mandala (i.e.,the Vajra-dhatu Mandala described in the sutra Jingang-dingjing) said to have been first transmitted in the early Tang Dynasty by Vajramati and Amoghavajra (Bukong).The author looks at the various views,showing how the 27 deities of the original Vajra-dhatu had been rendered iconic and demonstrating that this could not have been a work of the early Tang but was most probably a late 8th or early 9th century work produced by disciples of Amoghavajra,such as Huiguo.The author makes use of historical documents to show that the Vajra-dhatu Mandala by Vajramati and Amoghavajra (Bukong) was loyal to the classic version of Jingang-dingjing because in it the fourth companion of Vairocana,the Fourth Paramita,is depicted in the manifestation of Samaya.But in China in the early 9th century this Vajra-dhatu Mandala depicted the Fourth Paramita as a Bodhisattva and the original manifestation had been discarded.However,when we look at Tibetan Buddhist versions of the Vajra-dhatu Mandala this iconic replacement had not occurred.