The valley problem in bottomside ionogram analysis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5569 (CNRS, IRD, Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France;2. Laboratoire des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UMR 5564 & Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, UMR 5183 (CNRS, IRD, Institut National Polytechnique, Université Joseph Fourrier), Grenoble, France;3. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal;4. Société Pixelius, Castelnau le Lez, France;5. Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal;1. Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland;2. Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University of Cracow, ul. Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland;1. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal;2. CSUWN, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal;3. Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Singha Darbar, Kathmandu, Nepal;4. ECORES Lab, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;5. Macquarie University, Department of Geography and Planning, Australia;1. Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;2. Functional and Renewable Energy Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab 140001, India;1. Division of Energy and Climate Studies, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;2. World Bioenergy Association, Holländargatan 17, 111 60 Stockholm, Sweden;3. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Africa Centre, c/o ICRAF, United Nations Avenue, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya;1. Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment, Sector 37A, Chandigarh, India;2. Department of Natural Resources, TERI University, New Delhi, India;3. Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, India;4. Department of Environmental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, India;5. Defence Research & Development Organisation, New Delhi, India |
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| Abstract: | The use of ordinary and extraordinary ray vitrual height data to estimate valley parameters is studied using a least-squares single-polynomial analysis. For any assumed valley depth this technique enables direct determination of the best-fitting valley ‘width’ and F-region real-height profile. Tests on model profiles show that the method can satisfy the virtual height data, to within normal experimental error, over a considerable range of assumed depths. Thus iteration of valley depth to achieve best agreement with the virtual height data is unsound in the presence of typical scaling uncertainties: there is insufficient information in a standard ionogram to provide useful estimates of both valley width and valley depth. A sample of 130 daytime ionograms have been analysed assuming a zero-depth valley. The resulting valley widths were generally between 0 and 25 km with an average of 11 km. |
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