Backscatter responses and resolution considerations in archaeological side-scan sonar surveys: a control experiment |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Maritime Archaeology, Centre for Coastal and Marine Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Co. Derry, Ireland;2. Archaeological Diving Unit, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AJ, Scotland;3. Boland Archaeological Services, Arden Road, Tullamore, Co. Offaly, Ireland;1. Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands;2. Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany;3. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands;4. Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands;5. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia;6. NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, United Kingdom;1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States;2. Department of Physics, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States;3. Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States;4. Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121-4400, United States;1. Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland;2. Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;1. School of Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK;2. Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK;1. College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha Hunan 410082, China;2. College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha Hunan 410082, China |
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| Abstract: | The backscatter responses of submerged archaeological material remain poorly understood. To address this, a control experiment was conducted in Belfast Lough during July and August 2001. A selection of material and targets was arranged on the seabed in varying orientations, in an attempt to replicate the situation found on a range of archaeological sites where material is exposed on the seafloor. Repeat side-scan sonar surveys of the control array were conducted at variable ranges and fish heights to examine the backscatter responses and resolution of three commercially available side-scan sonar systems. Results indicate that the electro-acoustic specification of the pulse length and the beam angle of the acoustic sources govern the theoretical resolution of side-scan data. Backscatter data from the control experiment indicate both organic (wood and leather) and inorganic (metals, ceramics, glass and varying aggregate and ballast grades) natural and man-made materials can be imaged using side-scan sonar and a wide variety of archaeological material types and concentrations may be differentiated by their backscatter responses. |
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