Investigating crop processing using phytolith analysis: the example of rice and millets |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centre de Recherches en Archéologie et Patrimoine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium;2. Department of Ancient Scripture, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;1. GI Arqueobiología, Instituto de Historia, Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CCHS–CSIC), C/ Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain;2. Complexity and Socio-Ecological Dynamics (CaSEs), Institució Milà i Fontanals – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF–CSIC), C/Egipciaques 15, 08001 Barcelona, Spain;3. Istitut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain;4. Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Departamento Ciencias Históricas y Geografía, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos, Edificio I+D+i, 09001 Burgos, Spain;5. Departamento de Prehistoria, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Valladolid, Plaza del Campus s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;6. Técnico arqueólogo, Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Gómez Laguna 25, 6ª planta, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;7. Fundación del Patrimonio Histórico de Castilla y León, Arcadia, Residencia Universitaria Alfonso VIII, C/ Real de Burgos s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;8. Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 15, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;9. Postdoctoral Programme of the DEUI of the Basque Government, Spain, University of the Basque Country – U.P.V./E.H.U., Spain;10. Laboratoire TRACES UMR5608 Université de Toulouse Le Mirail 2, IT622-13 Research Group in Prehistory – Basque System of Research, Spain;11. Arqueólogo profesional autónomo, C/ Zaragoza 91113, Esc. 3, 2°C, 50196 La Muela, Zaragoza, Spain;12. Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Via di Torre Argentina 18, 00186 Roma, Spain;1. School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Box 277, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK;2. National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension, Al-Baqah, 19381, Jordan;3. Ministry of Agriculture, Queen Rania Al Abdullah St 39, 11181, Jordan;4. Department of Life and Environmental Science, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK;1. CaSEs – Complexity and Socio-Ecological Dynamics Research Group, Spain;2. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Institució Milà i Fontanals, Spanish National Research Council (IMF-CSIC), C/ Egipcíaques, 15, 08001, Barcelona, Spain;3. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Department of Humanities, C/Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain;4. ICREA – Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Spain;1. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;2. Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution & Eco-Restoration (WEER), China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;3. School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China;4. College of Earth Science, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China |
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| Abstract: | The application of crop processing models to macro-botanical assemblages has traditionally been used to interpret past husbandry practices and organisation of labour involved in crop-processing. Phytoliths offer an alternative method of analysis because they are durable in most environments, regardless of whether plant parts are charred, and the identification of plant types and plant parts allows them to be used in much the same way as macro-botanical remains. Indeed macro-remains and phytoliths are complementary datasets for examining the input of plant parts, such as crop-processing waste, into archaeological deposits. We outline crop-processing models in relation to macro-remains and then develop the framework for their application to archaeological phytolith assemblages. Rice and millet processing models are explored in relation to patterns expected in both macro-remains and phytoliths. The utility of these models is demonstrated with archaeological evidence from the site of Mahagara, an early farming site in North-Central India. The results indicate a way to employ phytoliths in archaeology which complements the fragmentary evidence available from plant macroremains. |
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