DNA from ancient stone tools and bones excavated at Bugas-Holding,Wyoming |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3804, USA;2. Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-3431, USA;1. Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel;2. Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;3. The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel;4. Department of Maritime Civilizations, Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel;1. CONICET, Universidad Maimónides, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Departamento de Cs. Naturales y Antropológicas, Equipo de Antropología Biológica, Hidalgo 775, C1405BCK Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Sección de Antropología Biológica, Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas, Puán 480, C1406CQJ Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. CIRIMAT Carnot Institute – Phosphates, Pharmacotechnics, Biomaterials, University of Toulouse, CNRS/INPT/UPS, ENSIACET, 4 allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France;2. Institute of Legal Medicine, AMIS Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5288, University of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France;3. Molecular Anthropology and Image Synthesis Laboratory (AMIS), CNRS UMR 5288, University of Toulouse, 37 allée Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France;1. Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, USA;2. Kemp Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Ancient DNA, Washington State University, USA;3. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, USA;4. School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, USA;1. Forensic and Population Genetics Group, Department of Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain;2. Archaeologist Arqueologia y Patrimoni Arrago sl., Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain;3. Department of Prehistory, Ancient history and Archaeology from University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain;4. Department of Archaeology and Antropology (IMF-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain;1. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany |
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| Abstract: | DNA residues may preserve on ancient stone tools used to process animals. We studied 24 stone tools recovered from the Bugas-Holding site in northwestern Wyoming. Nine tools that yielded DNA included five bifaces, two side scrapers, one end scraper, and one utilized flake. The excavators did not handle three of these tools with bare hands, and they were sealed in separate plastic bags to minimize contact with modern DNA. Five sediment samples did not yield mammalian DNA. One tool contained DNA from three species, and these templates competed during polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. DNA identifications suggested a butchery pattern indicative of a human population under resource stress or a broader range of industrial activities at Bugas-Holding. We describe several improvements in DNA residue analysis, including a more effective DNA recovery protocol, methods to measure sensitivity and inhibition of PCR in each sample, and strategies to surmount competition between templates during PCR. |
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