民国时期边疆政区的内地化——以磴口设县为例

今内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市所辖磴口县位于河套平原西部,地处西北农牧交错带,清代属阿拉善王爷的封地。由于该地便利的沿黄灌溉和黄河水运条件,晚清以来天主教会以此地为中心,通过开垦土地、修建灌渠、招徕陕甘等地汉族贫苦农民等方式,在磴口地区建立起天主教社会。发展至民国时期,伴随着汉族移民逐渐聚集,甘肃省及由甘肃分出的宁夏省都试图延续清政府“蒙人归旗、汉人归县”的以属人管理为原则的政策,将政治势力伸展至磴口,并建立县治。在磴口地区行政区划设置中的政治角逐和利权争夺,一方面反映了民国时期中央政府的边疆政策;另一方面体现了边疆地区不同人群、不同立场的各种势力对政区设置的影响。

The Inlandization of Frontier Administrative Divisions in Republican China: Taking Dengkou County as an Example

Dengkou County, now under the jurisdiction of Bayan Nur City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is located in the west part of Hetao Plain and agro-pastoral ecotone in northwestern China. The area was the fiefdom of Alxa Lord in the Qing Dynasty. Due to the convenient conditions of irrigation and water transportation along the Yellow River, the Catholic Church established a Catholic society in Dengkou area by reclaiming land, constructing irrigation canals, and attracting the poor farmers of the Han population in Shaanxi and Gansu since the late Qing Dynasty. During the period of the Republic of China, along with the gradual increasing of Han immigrants in Dengkou area, Gansu Province and Ningxia Province separated from Gansu tried to continue the policy of “The Mongols are governed by Qi, while the Han are governed by counties”, which from Qing period and based on the principle of personal jurisdiction. At the same time, Gansu and Ningxia Province tried to extend the political power to Dengkou and establish the county administration. The political competition and the benefit struggle in Dengkou area reflected the frontier policy of the central government during the Republic of China, and also reflected the influence on the administrative divisions of different groups and various forces in frontier areas.