礼仪与政治:清朝礼部与理藩院对非汉族群的文化治理

本文从礼仪制度的视角,通过对比礼部和理藩院两大机构管理境内族群的不同分工,探讨了清朝在区分族群、整合多族群文化方面的努力及其政治价值。清朝对众多族群和文化,采取分类管理的方式。分类的原则是与清朝关系的亲疏远近,既包括政治方面,也包括文化和情感方面。通过礼仪教化各族群,是礼部施政的总原则。教化之道,一是仪式本身,展示的是清朝的观念、态度;一是仪式所必须的符号性的工具和手段,包括食物、冠服、仪仗、印信、金钱、乐器,也包括文字、音乐和舞蹈等。策略上则通过在礼仪制度上优遇蒙古作为"教化"境内族群的样板。清朝礼制的最大特色便是浓郁的多元化族群色彩。在许多仪式中,边疆族群已经由旁观者或配角成为主角之一。这种礼制上的新格局的形成,一方面是清朝出于政治统治的需要,另一方面,也深刻地反映了来自北方的统治族群满洲对于本族及其他边疆族群的文化价值的认知和认同。清代前期"夷狄"观念的第一次转换,是清朝礼仪制度更新、发展的重要思想资源。

Rites and Politics: The Cultural Governance of the Non-Han Ethnic Groups by the Board of Rites in the Qing Dynasty

From the perspective of the rites and institutions, this article discusses the political significance of the Qing dynasty’s efforts to differentiate multiple ethnic groups and integrate their cultures. The Qing dynasty adopted methods of categorizing various ethnic groups and administering their various cultures. The principle of categorizing was based on the closeness of their relationships with the Qing court, including both political, cultural, and emotional relationships. The primary principle of the Board of Rites’ governance consisted in cultivating the ethnic groups by rites. Mongolia was strategically endowed with priority in rites and institutions, therefore, Mongolia was set up as an example for the cultivation of other ethnic groups. The most distinctive characteristic of Qing dynasty’s ritual system was the rich color of diversity of ethnic groups. In many rites, the borderland ethnic groups already played the leading role rather than the supporting role or the audience. The new pattern of the ritual system can be attributed to two reasons. One was the requirement of Qing dynasty‘s political governance of the ethnic groups, and the other was the ruling ethnic group, the Manchu from northern China, awareness and recognition of the values of the borderland ethnic groups’ cultures. The first shift of the concepts of yidi( 夷狄) in the early Qing dynasty constituted an important ideological resource for the update and development of the Qing dynasty’s ritual system.