宋明以来宗族制形成理论辨析

宋明以来宗族制度形成理论的探讨,似可以20世纪八九十年代之交为界,分为两个不同时期.前一个时期研究的理论基础,是封建社会形态视野下的近世宗族农村公社论、族权论、宗法思想论、土地关系制约论四论;在后一个时期,则从研究问题的实际出发,对前一个时期的理论基础有所突破,主要反映在宗族民众化、家族组织与社会变迁的"三化"、国家认同论、宗族乡约化以及对宗族形成原因的综合分析方面.把握近世宗族制的形成及其性质,将近世宗族与中世世家大族加以比较是重要的方法之一.在封建社会后期理论影响下的宗族比较,共同之处在于宋以前的宗族与社会具有身份性,是世家大族掌控社会;宋以后的社会具有非身份性,普通官僚与民众地位上升并拥有宗族.新的研究注意到中世世系重视女系的问题,对于当时社会的认识有所深化.日本学者唐宋变革论下对于中国中世社会的研究,提出了贵族制、豪族共同体等理论,也值得借鉴.我们应当把宋以后宗族形成问题从社会文化变迁的角度重新加以审视,关注宋明以来宗族的新与旧、南与北、官与民、国家与宗族、守旧与创新等问题,进一步充分占有资料,改进解读资料的方式,并在理论上有所突破.

The discrimination on theories of the formation of patriarchal lineage system since Song and Ming Dynasties

The discussion of theories of the formation about patriarchal lineage system since Song and Ming Dynasties, is divided into two different periods. The dividing line seems the cusp of 1980s and 1990s.The rationale of the earlier period research is followed by four theories: the theory of village commune, the theory of lineage authority, the theory of thought about patriarchal lineage system, the theory of restriction of land relations, which related to the modern patriarchal lineage under the vision of the form of feudal society. In later period, based on the reality of research, there are some breakthroughs of the earlier period's rationale. The main appearances are the popularity of patriarchal lineage, "three kinds of change" of the family organization and the social vicissitude, the theory of national approbation, the village stipulation of patriarchal lineage, and the generalized analysis on the reason of patriarchal lineage's formation. One of the important methods is grasping the formation and the nature of the modern patriarchal lineage system, then making a comparison between the modern patriarchal lineage and the powerful families in middle ages. Influenced by the theory of later period of feudal society, the comparisons of patriarchal lineage have something in common. The opinion is that before Song Dynasty patriarchal lineage system and society had the nature of identity, so powerful families controled the society; after Song Dynasty, the society hadn't the nature of identity, so the statuses of the ordinary bureauacrats and the people ascended and they owned patriarchal lineage. The new research takes notice of that the female lineages were valued in the lineages of middle ages. This deepens our understanding of the society. The Japanese scholars' researches on the Chinese middle ages' society, under the instruction of the theory about transformation from Tang to Song, put forward some theories: nobility system, powerful families as a community, and so on. We'd better draw lessons from them. We should re-examine the formation matter of patriarchal lineage system since Song and Ming Dynasties from view of the social culture vicissitude; and pay attention to the topics about patriarchal lineage system since Song and Ming Dynasties, such as new and old, south and north, bureaucrat and people, state and patriarchal lineage, conservative and innovation, and so on. We should grasp the materials fully, improve the way of reading , as well as having more theory breakthroughs.