博物馆文物保存环境质量标准研究

我国大气污染严重,环境质量恶化使文物受损影响日益明显。上海、重庆、广州三市博物馆环境质量检测调查说明其现状与文物保护的要求还有相当距离,有些甚至还处于污染相当严重的地步。博物馆文物保存环境影响因素主要是温湿度、光线(可见光、紫外光)、污染气体(包括尘埃),不同材质的文物受各种环境因素影响在程度上是不同的。有的是起主要作用,有的则是起协同增效作用。研究其反应机理、反应速率,量化它们之间的关系,将是制定出文物保存环境质量标准的重要依据。 文物保存环境质量标准要求达到最大限度降低环境因素对文物所造成的损害,但受治理技术、监测技术、经济的许可、合理程度等方面的制约,制定分级标准将有利博物馆的环境治理实施和监测。

Studies on museum environmental standards

The article divided into five parts. The first part is an introduction. One of the most important subjects in museum is the conservation of cultural relics. Great importance to the museum environment should been attached. It is necessary to study how fast things in the museum change and what causes these changes, and to erect a framework of preventive conservation in museum environment standard. The second part is an investigation report of environment at principal museums in the east and southwest of China (Shanghai museum, Chongqing museum and Guangdong provincial museum) . The climate condition of these museums is warm and moisture, besides, the air pollution is due to the development of industrial and vehicle. The results of examination showed that the concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides are higher. The air pollution in these museums is serious. Museums are generally situated in the urban area in China,so the present situation of air pollution is the same.The quality of museum environment is directly related with the conservation. The third part, the potential damaging effects of temperature, relative humidity, light( visible and U. V. radiation) and air pollution are discussed respectively. A change of relative humidity causes changes in size and shape of moisture - containing materials. High relative humidity causes mould to flourish and metals to corrrode. The light is much more potential than heat (temperature) in the museum. The chief materials to suffer from sulphur dioxide pollution are paper, silk, textiles, dyes, leather, iron, stone and etc. Since the nitrogen dioxide dissolves in water eventually to form nitric acid, an acid as strong as sulphuric acid and on the top of that an oxidising agent, all the troubles that sulphur dioxide gives us can been expected. Nitrogen dioxide attacks dyestuffs containing amine groups, indigo is such a dye. When multi damaging factors co - existing, the rate of deterioration is speeding. There is synergistic effect among the prsence of moisture, light, gaseous pollutants and particulate matter. In the fourth part, the quality standard of museum environment (temperature, relative humidity, gaseous pollutants,particulate matter and etc)has been formulated. The quality standard divided in three classes.According to the situation (cost,technology,degree of susceptibility of materials and etc.),it is necessary to carry out the quality standard step by step and then to attain the best possible environmental conditions. In order to minimize the damage of materials as low as possible and to attain the quality standard, it is necessary to control and examine the museum environment. The control methods and the examination technique were recommended in the fifth part.