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Biostratigraphic Evidence Relating to the Age‐Old Question of Hannibal's Invasion of Italy,II: Chemical Biomarkers and Microbial Signatures |
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| Authors: | W C Mahaney C C R Allen P Pentlavalli A Kulakova J M Young R W Dirszowsky A West B Kelleher S Jordan C Pulleyblank S O'Reilly B T Murphy K Lasberg P Somelar M Garneau S A Finkelstein M K Sobol V Kalm P J M Costa R G V Hancock K M Hart P Tricart R W Barendregt T E Bunch M W Milner |
| Institution: | 1. Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;2. Quaternary Surveys, Thornhill, Ontario, Canada;3. School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, UK;4. School of the Environment, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada;5. GeoScience Consulting, Dewey, Arizona, USA;6. School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland;7. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia;8. Centre de Recherche en Géochimie et Géodynamique (GEOTOP), Université du Québec et Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Québec, Canada;9. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;10. Centro de Geologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ci?ncias da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal;11. Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;12. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK;13. Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble, Grenoble cedex 9, France;14. Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada;15. Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA;16. MWM Consulting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Abstract: | As discussed in Part I, a large accumulation of mammalian faeces at the mire site in the upper Guil Valley near Mt. Viso, dated to 2168 cal 14C yr., provides the first evidence of the passage of substantial but indeterminate numbers of mammals within the time frame of the Punic invasion of Italia. Specialized organic biomarkers bound up in a highly convoluted and bioturbated bed constitute an unusual anomaly in a histosol comprised of fibric and hemist horizons that are usually expected to display horizontal bedding. The presence of deoxycholic acid and ethylcoprostanol derived from faecal matter, coupled with high relative numbers of Clostridia 16S rRNA genes, suggests a substantial accumulation of mammalian faeces at the site over 2000 years ago. The results reported here constitute the first chemical and biological evidence of the passage of large numbers of mammals, possibly indicating the route of the Hannibalic army at this time. Combined with the geological analysis reported in Part I, these data provide a background supporting the need for further historical archaeological exploration in this area. |
| Keywords: | Hannibalic War Organic geochemical analysis Microbiological evidence Faecal biomarkers Historical archaeological site identification Archaeological science |