论清季学堂奖励出身制

科举制是古代中国之抡才制度，而新式学堂体制则是近代育才制度，两者在性质及功能上存在很大差异。清季科举制废除前后实行的学堂奖励出身制，将传统科举制之抡才制度与近代学堂之育才制度简单地作了错位嫁接。它实际上是传统的“学而优则仕”观念之延续，滋生并助长了“以学干禄”风气，强化了“官学一体化”格局，故受到有识之士的猛烈抨击。本文在考察清季学堂奖励出身之制度设计与具体实施情况的基础上，分析科举与学堂在性质及功能上的差异，揭示“学堂与仕进混合”、“抡才与育才并一”之制度设计的内在冲突，进而说明从传统科名奖励制经过学堂奖励出身制之过渡，而转向现代学术奖励制度的复杂性与必然性。

On the System of Awarding Degrees in Schools in the Qing Dynasty

The imperial examination system was a system for selecting talented persons in ancient China, whereas the new style school system was a system for educating students. The natures and functions of the two systems were very different. The system of awarding degrees in schools, established around the time that the imperial examination system was abolished, was simply a dislocated graft of the two systems. In fact, it was an extension of the traditional idea of awarding office to excellent students, and created...