以家庭为单位的活动参与：联合与独立家庭维持性活动中的性别差异—— 以北京市家庭为例

个体的日常活动发生在复杂的情境下，受到来自地理环境和社会环境的制约。以往研究揭示了制约下的个体在活动参与上展示出明显的性别差异。然而，传统以个体为单位的研究，忽视了家作为地方秩序的口袋，其内部分成员之间的互动对不同性别家庭成员活动参与的影响。本文从家庭内部分工的视角，研究夫妻双方在参与家庭维持性活动的时间利用的差异。在分析差异形成的过程中，在家庭区位特征、个体社会经济特征外，关注了配偶的社会经济特征、家庭成员间的互动对个体参与独立与联合家庭维持性活动的影响。研究结果验证了我们的假设，微观个体活动参与及时间利用的性别差异，不仅受到社会与地理环境制约，而且是家庭成员之间互动、分工的结果。以家庭为单位的分析能更好地补充和解释以往性别差异的研究成果，为个体活动、移动行为等研究提供新的视角。

ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION IN THE HOUSEHOLD: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN JOINT AND SOLO ACTIVITIES OF HOUSEHOLD MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES

Daily activities of individuals are embedded in complex context, constrained to both geographic and social environments. Previous studies have revealed significant gender differences in activity participation of individuals. From the perspective of intra-household labor division, this paper studies on the intrahousehold differences of time spent on household affairs. A dataset from activity diary survey of Beijing urban residents in 2007 is used in our analysis. Derived from the time geography theory, the paper demonstrates the activity order of household members by focusing on the home as a pocket of local order. By analyzing the time utilization of participation in household maintenance activities, results show that female household heads spend much more time than male household heads to do household maintenance activities, and male heads tend to spend more time participating in joint activities than solo activities. Using a multivariate tobit model, the paper confirms that social and geographical factors such as family structure, number of preschool children and location of house can influence the participation in solo and joint activities of household affairs. The analysis results confirm our hypothesis that, apart from social and geographic constraints, the gender differences in activity participation also results from intra-household interactions and labor division. Key words: joint activities