正统观与宋以后的五代史编纂北大核心CSSCI

五代十国时期,天下四分五裂、战乱频仍,依照何种正统观念撰述这一时期的历史成为史家争论的焦点。在宋至清长达900余年的时段内,大致有五种不同看法:其一,以五代相续为正统,代表史书有范质《五代通录》、王溥《五代会要》、薛居正监修《五代史》及欧阳修《五代史记》;其二,以梁为伪,五代史应作四代史,虽未有代表性史书问世,然有相关议论如李昉《历代年号》、张燧“朱温不宜入正统”论、宋实颖《黜朱梁纪年论》、华湛恩《〈五代春秋志疑〉自序》;其三,以五代为闰统或无统,代表作有王皞《唐余录》和朱熹《资治通鉴纲目》的五代部分;其四,以南唐承唐为正统,代表作为陆游《南唐书》、陈霆《唐余纪传》;其五,以南唐继后唐为正统,代表作为吴非《三唐传国编年》、陈鳣《续唐书》与华长卿《唐宋阳秋》。五种撰史理念,各有依据,传授、疆域、姓氏、道义等诸种因素相杂其间,既展现了传统史学精神的延续不绝和古代学者对于正义矢志不渝的追求,也凸显出正统观之多样化在推动史学发展中的重要作用。

The Orthodox View of History and the Compilation of the History of the Five Dynasties after the Song Dynasty

China was torn asunder by frequent wars during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It becomes a focus of debate among historians on what kind of orthodox ideas to follow in order to compile the history of this period. Five competing views were held by scholars from the Song to the Qing Dynasty. The first is to deem these five continuous dynasties as orthodox,represented by General History of the Five Dynasties by Fan Zhi,Collected Statutes of the Five Dynasties by Wang Pu,The Old History of the Five Dynasties by Xue Juzheng,and The New History of the Five Dynasties by Ouyang Xiu. The second disregards the Liang Dynasty as a fake and only admits the other four dynasties into the orthodox tradition. The Reign Titles of Past Dynasties by Li Fang,Abolishing the Reign Titles of the Zhu-Liang by Song Shiying,and Preface to Questioning of Spring and Autumn Annals of the Five Dynasties by Hua Zhan’en cited and discussed this idea. The third takes the five dynasties as “lunar legitimacy”or unorthodox. Records of the Vestigial Tang by Wang Gao and the correspondent part of Outline and Detail of History Retold as a Mirror for Rulers by Zhu Xi are representative works. The fourth treats the Southern Tang as a continuation of Tang orthodoxy.Book of the Southern Tang by Lu You and Annals and Biographies of the Vestigial Tang by Chen Ting are representative works. The fifth regards the Later Tang and the continuous Southern Tang as orthodox,represented by Annals of the Three Tang by Wu Fei,Book of the Continued Tang by Chen Zhan,and Tang-Song Spring and Autumn Annals by Hua Changqing. These five views took different roots in the combined influences from political transition,territorial heritage,family lineage to moral values,all of which are,nevertheless,valid. They are the embodiment of the continuity of traditional historiography and of ancient scholars’ unrelenting pursuit of justice,and they are highly significant in the development of Chinese historiography.