环境公正视角下空气污染和死亡人数的空间分析及关系研究——以河北省为例

基于空气污染的环境公正研究在国际上受到较多关注，但在发展中国家、尤其是中国，相关研究较为缺乏。本文使用2010年河北省人口普查和空气质量数据，采用空间分析、描述性统计以及空间回归模型等方法对基于乡镇街道层面的空气污染和死亡人数的空间分布、社会分布及其关系进行研究。结果表明，河北省空气污染和死亡人数在城市和农村地区存在显著差异；基于乡镇街道层面，河北省的婴儿（1岁及以下）、老年人（60岁及以上）、失业者和省外农村流动人口更多地居住在空气污染比较严重的地区；婴儿、老年人、使用固体燃料或住房无洗澡设施的家庭户聚集的乡镇街道其死亡人数较多；空气污染与死亡人数之间存在显著的正相关。本研究旨在促进对中国环境公正与健康不平等的理解和认识，为发展更为公平、有效的环境健康政策提供科学依据。

SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF AIR POLLUTION AND DEATH RATES IN HEBEI PROVINCE,CHINA

Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization in many countries, like China. Based on the data of population census and air quality at the sub-district level in Hebei province in 2010, distributional analysis and spatial regression models were used to examine the spatial distribution, social distribution and determinants of air pollution and death rates at the level of townships in Hebei province. Here, the principle of spatial adjacency was adopted to define the spatial weight matrix, and spatial auto-correlation in the residuals of the OLS model was identified by Moran's I. We discussed environmental injustice and health inequality in Hebei province in 2010, based on estimates from spatial regression models. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1) Environmental injustices exists in Hebei province, as the air pollution exposure for the elderly (aged ≥60 years old), and the unemployed are significantly higher than that of other groups. 2) There is health inequality in Hebei province. At the level of townships, there are significant differences in the death rates. 3) Air pollution has a significant effect on death rates. Areas with higher air pollution tend to have higher death rates in Hebei province. 4) The air pollution and death rates in urban areas and rural areas are quite different.