郭象升与山西方志图编绘的近代转型

在近代西学东渐过程中，中国方志编撰也开始近代转型。“志图”是方志一项重要内容，因地理学在古代中国的滞后，一直缺乏科学性，不仅地图要素有历史化特征，绘制方法上则着意突出礼制布局、景观意境等，在具体方位、比例上只是大概，而非写实。1917年山西省公署颁布郭象升《山西各县志书凡例》，在吸纳章学诚、徐继畲等方志思想基础上，接受近代地理学成果，提出“志图”要用“新测绘法，务须精审”；同时，因山西省城镇发展落后，城镇图志编绘理论又存在明显不足。毋庸置疑，郭氏理论在山西地方志近代转型中具有开山意义。

Guo Xiangsheng and the Modern Transformation of Shanxi Local Records Cartography

During the process of the eastward spreading of modern Western learning,the compilation of local records in China started its modern transformation."Zhi Tu" is an important content of local records,yet because of the backwardness of geography in ancient China,it has always been lack of scientific precision,not only key elements of maps have historical features,and ritual system layout and scenic artistic conception were intentionally highlighted in terms of cartography,the specific positions and proportions were also by and large fuzzy instead of true to reality.In 1917,the Shanxi Provincial Government promulgated Guo Xiangsheng’s Legend for County Records in Shanxi,which accepted the fruits of modern geography on the basis of absorbing Zhang Xuecheng and Xu Jiyu’s local records thinking,and raised the point that "Zhi Tu" should adopt "new methods of survey and mapping,and ensure precision and prudence".Meanwhile,due to the backwardness of urban development in Shanxi province,there were also obvious deficiencies with the cartographic theories.Undoubtedly,Guo’s pioneering theories was instrumental during the modern transformation of Shanxi local records.