明清时期山西的城市洪灾及其防治

明清时期山西的城市洪灾普遍而严重，曾遭受洪水冲击的城市达到62座。地方社会的防治措施大致可以归纳为“拦”、“疏”、“蓄”三类。具体而言，“拦”，即在城郊修筑拦洪堤堰以障水，这是明清山西城市防洪的主要措施，其中某些城市堤堰的筑造技术值得关注；“疏”，即通过开凿水口、疏浚城壕及新凿河渠等手段，使洪水远离城区；“蓄”，就是在城内利用既有低洼之地或新凿陂池，以蓄积雨洪。以上举措并未能彻底改变山西城市洪灾普遍且严重的状况，探究起来，城市的地理坐落、生态环境破坏导致的水土流失、城市建成区的扩展等，是不容忽视的三大诱发因素。

Flooding Disasters and Their Prevention and Treatment in Cities of Shanxi During the Ming and Qing Period

During the Ming and Qing period,flooding disasters were frequent and serious in cities of Shanxi,with the number of cities that have been flooded amounting to 62.The prevention and treatment measures by local society can be roughly grouped into three types:"interception","dredging",and "storing".Specifically speaking,"interception" is to build dykes and weirs in suburbs to stem water,which was the main measure of flood prevention in cities of Shanxi during the Ming and Qing period,with some of the building techniques worth noticing;"dredging" is to drive away floods from the urban areas by means of digging waterways,dredging city trenches,and digging out new river channels;"storing" is to store rain and flood water using existing low and marshy ground or digging out new ponds in the city.The above-mentioned measures failed to completely change the situation of frequent and serious flooding in Shanxi cities.As a result of our exploration,the three inducing factors that should not be neglected are geographical location of cities,water and soil loss due to devastation of ecological environment,and the expansion of urban built-up areas.