制度设计与实践的背离——北洋政府时期文官考试初探

北洋政府在南京临时政府颁布的<文官考试令>基础上,几经修改,建立了较为完备的文官考试制度.以往的研究多注重于北洋政府文官考试法规与制度,甚少关注其实践过程.就文官考试内容而言,近代自然科学与社会科学取代了八股经文,故参加考试的考生多为饱蘸新学之人.但因近代学堂对新式人才的批量生产,加之学而优则仕的传统,导致文官考试竞争异常激烈.录取后的考生虽大多能得到实习安排,但期满后却难被委以实职,这反映了北洋政府时期文官考试制度设计与实际运行之间的严重背离.

Tentative study on the civil servants examination of Peking government

On the basis of Civil Servants Examination Act issued by Nanjing provisional government,Peking government made several amendments and finally established an integrated examination system.In the past,relevant researches laid emphasis on the examination rules and system instead of studying the process of how Peking government put it into practice.As far as the examination content is concerned,modern natural science and social science took the place of traditional eight-part essay of imperial times,which obviously showed progress of times.As the new examination requires high quality of participants,those who took part in the exam mostly have good mastery of new-type knowledge.Yet due to massive production of new-type talents by modern schools and people's craving to be government officials,the competition is quite keen.Though admitted participants can meet with proper learning management,hardly can they be offered with satisfactory jobs or positions after graduation,which showed severe deviation of the examination system design and practical operations.