口岸市场上中外鸦片的竞争与替代（1877-1912）--基于芜湖海关资料分析

芜湖为近代皖省的唯一通商口岸。在1877—1912年间,外国鸦片一直是芜湖海关进口价值最高的商品。在这种长期趋势下,外国鸦片进口数量具体呈现出三个阶段性的波动。在第一阶段,芜湖口岸开放,以及税厘成本的比较优势,刺激外国鸦片进口数量上升;在第二阶段,在财政安稳的考量下,官府对本土鸦片全面弛禁,替代作用进一步发挥,外国鸦片进口数量下降。在第三阶段,国内外舆论对中外鸦片的毒品性质进行抨击,促成中英签订禁烟条款,1913年,芜湖海关中外鸦片进口竞争的历史正式结束。可见,在近代中国,鸦片问题始终有着国际因素的影响和考量,是半殖民地经济的典型缩影,深刻地影响着国民的身心健康与经济发展。

The Competition and Replace between Chinese Opium and Foreign Opium in the Treaty Ports(1877-1912)---Based on the Analysis of Wuhu Customs Data

Wuhu was the only treaty port in modern Anhui province. Between 1877 and 1912, the foreign opium had al-ways been the most value imported goods for Wuhu customs. Under the long-term trend, the import quantity of foreign opium presented three specific periodic fluctuations. In the first stage, that Wuhu port was open, and the tax department cost was comparative advantage, stimulated foreign opium imported to increase;in the second stage, under the consideration of finan-cial stability, that the officials completely gave up previous the policy of banning Chinese opium, so that Chinese opium’ s al-ternative role further played, leaded to the foreign opium imported declined;in the third stage, the public opinion at home and abroad attacked the drug property of Chinese and foreign opium, caused China and Britain to sign the opium ban treaty, final-ly, in 1913, the competition history for Wuhu customs that imported Chinese and foreign opium was ended. Visibly, in mod-ern China, the opium problem always had the international factor, was the epitome of semi-colonial economy, profoundly af-fected Chinese’ s body and mind health and Chinese economic development.