四川广汉龙居寺中殿壁画制作材料与工艺研究

广汉龙居寺中殿壁画为四川地区明代建筑壁画中精品。为了解该壁画制作材料与工艺,采用显微观察、激光粒度仪分析、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、酶联免疫等方法,对样品结构形态和材料组成进行了分析。结果表明:该壁画载体为编竹夹泥墙结构。地仗层泥土颗粒矿物成分主要为石英、钠长石,颗粒组成墙体壁画以粉粒为主、砂粒次之,垫拱板壁画粗泥层比细泥层砂粒含量偏低、粉粒含量偏高;加筋材料粗泥层为稻草秸秆、谷壳等,细泥层为棉或麻纤维。颜料层显色成分为古代壁画常见矿物颜料,红色为朱砂、铅丹,绿色为氯铜矿、副氯铜矿,白色为方解石、滑石,黑色为炭黑,蓝色为石青,黄色为针铁矿,胶料为动物胶或蛋清。该壁画在四川地区明代建筑壁画制作材料与工艺上具有典型性,主要体现在载体结构类型、地仗层材料组成、颜料层显色成分等方面。研究成果不仅可为该壁画后期保护修复提供依据,而且丰富了对四川地区明代建筑壁画的认识。

Study of the material and workmanship of the middle hall mural at Longju Temple, Guanghan

The middle hall mural at Longju Temple is an example of classic Ming Dynasty temple murals in Sichuan. In order to ascertain the material and workmanship of the mural, the structural morphologies and material compositions of samples were analyzed using microscopy, laser particle analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD),Raman spectrometry,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), etc. The results show that the structure the mural depends on is a mud wall with a bamboo skeleton. The mineral components of the plaster layer are mainly quartz and albite. The grain composition of the mural is powder in the majority and sand in the minority. In the Diangongban mural the coarse mud layer has a lower sand content and a higher powder content than the fine mud layer. The fibers in the coarse plaster layer are straw stalks and chaff and those in the fine plaster layer are cotton or fibrilia. Regarding colors, the red pigments are cinnabar and minium, the green pigments are atacamite and paratacamite, the white pigments are calcite and talcum, the black pigment is carbon black, the blue pigment is azurite, and the yellow pigment is goethite. The cementing material is animal glue or egg white. The mural is typical, in terms of carrier structure, plaster materials and color composition, compared with other murals of the same region and period. These research results could not only provide guidance for the following protection and restoration of the mural in the future, but also enrich the knowledge of ancient architectural murals in this area.