旅游中的地方营造：缘起、内涵及应用

地方是旅游活动的空间载体，也是旅游目的地形象建构的核心内容。本文在对地方和地方营造的缘起和内涵进行辨析总结的基础上，通过CiteSpace的可视化主题分析和文献阅读，对其应用于旅游发展的主要议题和脉络进行梳理发现：①地方和地方营造的本质是意义建构，地方在旅游发展中具有多重可建构性。旅游既是地方营造的驱动力，也对地方营造和地方发展产生重要影响。②地方营造过程涉及政府、资本、游客、当地居民等多重主体和视角，也因而牵涉多方协商和多主体认同。一方面，多方协商的地方意义有助于地方性的快速重构，推动旅游地迅速发展；另一方面，各方利益主体权力不对等也使得地方营造成为强势权力主体的表达结果，这将加速旅游地的商品化。

PLACE MAKING IN TOURISM: ORIGIN,CONNOTATION AND APPLICATION

Being conceptualized as a particular location possessing a collection of meanings, place is not only the space carrier of tourism activities, but also the core content of making tourist destinations. Given that tourism has increasingly become an important force to shape the meaning of place, the notion of place making has attracted much attention in tourism field. Based on the origin review and connotation analysis of two concepts of place and place making, this paper sorts out the main issues of place making's application to tourism development through CiteSpace visualization software and literature reading. By combing and examining the foreign research on place making collected from Web of Science, it is found that:1) The essence of place and place making is meaning construction. In tourism development, the meaning of the place could be constructed multiply, which provides the opportunity for making it as the touristic place. The practice of place making further has an important impact on local development. And this can easily result in emotional fractures of local residents towards the original place and affect their attitudes and behaviors towards tourism development. At the same time, the fictitious local landscape also makes it difficult for tourists to obtain a complete understanding and in-depth experience of the locality, which ultimately leads to unsustainable tourism in the destination. 2) Creating the place as a destination involves multiple stakeholders, such as the government, enterprises, local residents, and tourists. Therefore, the process of place making implies multi-party negotiation and multi-participant's identity, which have both positive and negative influences on the place.