秦汉九原—五原郡治的考古学观察

自秦汉始,"九原"之名便屡见于史籍,其重要性逐渐引起后人关注。而九原郡的出现时间、地望、郡治所在等即成为学者关注的焦点。本文基于田野考古材料和历史文献,结合前人研究成果,对九原郡郡治所在做了进一步的讨论。关于九原郡郡治所在大体有三种观点:一是位于巴彦淖尔市黑柳子乡的三顶帐房古城,该观点提出时间较早,影响亦较为深远;二是包头市九原区哈林格尔乡孟家梁古城,上世纪七十年代提出,在一段时间很有影响;三是今包头市九原区的麻池古城,提出较晚,但有较广泛的认同。本文依据最新考古调查数据和文献资料,认为三顶帐房古城说和孟家梁古城说存在疑点:二者规模均不能达到郡级设置的标准,所处位置也与文献记载不符。麻池古城不仅是目前该区域规模最大的古城,而且形制也符合《水经注》所载"接对"特征,且地理位置与文献记载基本一致,故应为秦之九原郡及西汉之五原郡治所在。

The archaeological observation of the seat of Jiuyuan.Wuyuan prefecture during the Qin and Han Dynasties

Since the Qing and Han Dynasties, the name of Jiuyuan appeared in historical records frequently, and the importance of Jiuyuan attracted descendants’ attention. While the occurrence time, location, and the seat of Jiuyuan prefecture became the focus of scholars. This article discusses about the location of the seat of Jiuyuan prefecture on the basis of archaeological findings and historical documents, combined with previous studies. In general there are three viewpoints about where the seat of Jiuyuan prefecture is: The first one thinks that it’s located at the Sandingzhangfang city in Heiliuzi township, Bayan Nur city. This view came forward early and had a far-reaching impact. The second one expects that it’s at the Mengjialiang city in Halinge’er Township, Jiuyuan district, Baotou city. This idea arose at 1970’s and has an influence for some time. Third, there’s another point which said that it’s at the Machi city in Jiuyuan district, Baotou city, this one was proposed relatively late but widely agreed. In according to the latest archaeological survey data and literature, this article holds that the sayings of Sandingzhangfang city and Mengjialiang city are all doubtful: The size of each city all cannot reach the standard of establishing a prefecture, and their location do not accord with the literature. The ancient city of Machi is not only the biggest one in the region presently, but the size of which also corresponds to the feature of "Jiedui" in the"Notes on Book of Waterways". Furthermore, the location is basically in line with the literature. Therefore, Machi city was once the seat of Jiuyuan prefecture during the Qin Dynasty as well as the seat of Wuyuan prefecture in the Western Han Dynasty.