马里时代西亚战争惯例初探

在马里时代,西亚诸国逐步发展出制约战争的惯例。在发动战争之前,要为战争找到合法的理由,同时需要获得神明的赞同和友邦的支持,更为重要的是,要进行公开宣战。在战后对战败国的处理上,虽然存在野蛮的毁城杀人的向例,但是较为人道的战争惯例逐步发展起来:有限摧毁敌方城市,善待敌方战俘与百姓以及掩埋敌方阵亡者尸体等。马里时代的战争惯例,继承了公元前3千纪的某些战争惯例,同时又对古代西亚战争的惯例做出了新发展。马里时代战争惯例的形成,与此时大国争霸、同盟化战争以及战争的频繁有着密切关系。战争的巨大破坏力,也促使较为人道的战争惯例出现,它们代表了古代西亚战争惯例的发展方向,具有进步意义。

A Preliminary Study of Customary Law of War in Western Asian during the Mari Period

During Mari Period,there was development of customary law of war that restricted war in Western Asia.Before launching a war,it is necessary to find a legitimate reason for the war,and to obtain the approval of the gods and the support of the friendly states,and more importantly,to issue an open declaration of war.In the treatment of defeated states after the war,although there were brutal warfare practices such as totally destructing cities and killing civilians,more humane war practices have gradually developed:destroying enemy cities in a limited way,treating enemy prisoners of war and civilians kindly,and burying the dead bodies of enemy soldiers.On the one hand,the convention of war in Mari period inherited some of the conventions of war in the third millennium B.C.,on the other hand,it made new development to the conventions of war in ancient Western Asia.It was closely related to the great powers’struggle for hegemony,military alliance war and large-scale war and the frequency of war.The great destructive power of war also prompted the emergence of more humane war practices,which represented the development direction of ancient West Asian war practices and are of progressive significance.