河患与官方应对:康雍乾时期的山东小清河治理及启示

清代初期小清河为患严重,康雍乾百余年中,山东历任主政者主要实施了四次大的治理工程,分别为康熙二十五年(1686年)山东巡抚张鹏治河、康熙三十三年(1694年)巡抚桑格对小清河中游的治理、康熙五十七年(1718年)巡抚李树德治河及乾隆三十七年(1772年)巡抚徐绩治河。数次修治各有得失,完工程度亦不尽相同,短期内取得了一定成效,但并未持久,小清河水患依旧严重。综合来看,政区地理方面的因素造成的地方官彼此扯皮,百姓肆意决堤,缺乏一个专司小清河治理事务的管理机构,康雍乾时期流域内人地关系的日益紧张以及流域内特殊的地质地貌是小清河治理成效甚微的四大导因。

Disaster and Emergency:the Xiaoqing River's Construction in First Period of Qing Dynasty and Enlightenment

During the first period of Qing Dynasty, the Xiaoqing River had caused serious damages. In the 100 years through Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, governors in Shantung Province started construction projects four times in 1686 (Governor Zhang Peng ),1694 (Governor Sang Ge ),1718 (Governor Li Shude ),and 1772 (Governor Xu Ji ). Although those work had played effective role, it did not last long. The Xiaoqing River still was a threatening river. Because of different location of administrative geography, local governors’ unaccountability; lack of official department; more and more tense man-land relationship in the region and special geology and geomorphology are responsible for the ineffectiveness of construction projects.