模拟壁画墓葬中的微环境分析研究

墓葬壁画经考古发掘后,墓室内原有的稳定环境被打破,在微环境不断变化的作用下产生各种不同的病害。为探究微环境变化规律,在陕西师范大学模拟壁画墓室内对空气温湿度、土壤温度、土壤含水率及土壤电导率等进行长期监测。结果表明,外部环境的改变对墓室内部微环境的变化具有一定的影响,距墓底高度越高,其土壤温度、含水率变化幅度越大,越易产生酥粉等病害。利用离子色谱仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等仪器对土壤易溶盐进行定性与定量分析,结果表明土壤中各种阴、阳离子含量与土壤埋深深度呈正相关关系;土壤表面析出盐分主要以硫酸钠和硫酸钙为主,在微环境的不断变化下,易产生酥碱等病害。对壁画墓葬微环境进行系统研究,为有效调控墓室微环境提出合理的对策,以期为原址保护提供更多的科学依据。

Analysis of the microenvironment of a simulated mural tomb for cultural heritage protection

After archaeological excavations, in which the stable environments of mural tombs are broken, a variety of diseases may occur because of microenvironmental changes. In order to explore the effect of microenvironmental changes, a long-term monitoring of air temperature and humidity, and soil temperature, water content and conductivity was carried out in a simulated mural tomb at Shaanxi Normal University. The results show that external environmental changes can influence the microenvironment inside the tomb. The higher the soil is from the tomb bottom, the more significantly are the temperature and humidity changes, and also the more easily crisp powder formation and other diseases can happen. In addition, ion chromatography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), anti-damping drilling and some other methods were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the soluble salts in soil. The results show that the anion and cation contents of soil are positively correlated with the soil depth. The salts precipitated on the soil surface mainly contain sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate, which can easily cause the disease of crisp powder formation due to the constant microenvironmental changes. Based on the systematic research on microenvironments of mural tombs conducted, we can propose effective regulations. We are looking forward to providing more scientific bases for site protection.