20世纪90年代以来封闭社区国内外研究述评

全球化与"新自由主义"背景下,封闭社区已经成为当代城市研究的热点问题,本文对20世纪90年代以来的相关文献进行梳理,以多重维度解读封闭社区的形成与发展之动力机制,探讨了全球化与后福特主义、新自由主义公共策略、公共选择与制度经济学、社会隔离与社会冲突、文化权力与空间等五种研究范式。根据市场、权力、居民群体三方力量的消长,可将诸类案例划分为自发推动、资本驱动以及自上而下三种。对于封闭社区与社会隔离的相关性问题,存在社会结构体制与个人行为态度两个层面的争论。在此基础上,本文对国内的相关领域研究提出了建议与展望。

A REVIEW OF STUDIES ON GATED COMMUNITIES SINCE 1990S:FROM INTERNATIONAL TO DOMESTIC PERSPECTIVES

This paper focuses on the dynamic mechanism of gated communities and spatial interaction between communities and urban space. In order to elaborate not only the macro factors ranging from global scale to national and city-wide scale, but also the local social network of different actors, the authors construct the framework of dynamic mechanism of gated communities, with a multi-dimensional and multi-scale perspective. Concerning the theoretical research, they find out that normally the western scholars adopt five conventional approaches, including globalization and post-Fordism, neo-liberalism public strategies, public choices and institutional economics, social segregation and social conflict, as well as space, culture and power, when they analyze this process. For the domestic empirical research, the development of gated communities could be contributed to the interaction and conflict of different domestic actors including markets, power and civil society. This paper, firstly, explains the formation and development of gated communities in global discourse by establishing the framework about their dynamic mechanism; secondly, five conventional approaches will be demonstrated, and the correlative normative research paradigms of western research will be presented; thirdly, this paper depicts the development of gated communities in USA, Latin America and China. Fourthly, a spirited debate on whether the gated communities are positively related to segregation or not. The authors compare the arguments of both sides from social structure and regime as well as individual behaviors and attitudes. Finally, the authors review the recent correlative domestic researches, and pose several suggestions for better theoretical and empirical researches in China, which are: (1) adopting normative research paradigm which is originated from the five global conventional approaches; (2) concentrating on the local embeddedness especially the cultural and institutional elements which could be the breaking points; (3) employing more comparative analysist.