略述清代宗族与族人丧礼

丧葬,本是死者家庭之事,然为人生四礼之特殊重大礼仪,为宗族和政府所关注。清朝继承历代传统制定丧礼,为官民治丧之准则,其要点是实行丧服制及禁止非礼葬法和仪式。因服制所系,民间宗族视督导族人遵行朝廷丧礼为职责,制作相应的规范,以辅助朝廷丧礼的实现,此外,努力帮助族人料理丧事、出资备棺安葬、设置义冢,试图解决族人丧中难事,同时反对丧事中的停丧不葬、做佛事、火葬、厚葬等习俗,然而收效甚微。盖因这类现象系历史传承,和现实中的浮华风俗共同形成巨大力量,宗族以及国家均无力扭转;穷人无力承担高昂的丧葬费用,不得不有非礼行为;佛道及少数民族多种文化影响于汉人丧葬行为,宗族所信奉的儒家丧礼不可能独尊。慎终追远的丧礼,是人类所特有的缅怀亲人形式,令人生有个好的终结,有益于家庭、社会的正常延续,发挥着积极的社会作用。

Outlining the lineage and clansman's funeral in the Qing Dynasty

Funeral,though was the own business of the family of the deceased,was paid close attention to by the lineage and government,because it was one of the four biggest amenity during human life.The governors of Qing Dynasty followed the tradition,formulated discipline for the funeral,which claimed to be obeyed by both the bureaucrats and the ordinary.The core of the discipline was the institutionalization of mourning garments and ban improper funeral and relative ceremony.Connected by FuZhi (mourning apparel sys...