东周时期车马祭祀探论

车马祭祀可以上溯至殷商时期。西周时期,车马用于周王室的重大祀典。东周时期,祭祀礼制逐渐被破坏,各诸侯国僭越周礼规定,车马被广泛用于郊祀、宗庙祭祖、社祀、山川望祭、盟誓、方神等各种祭祀,祭法多采用沉和瘗埋的方式。随着社会的发展及祭祀观念的变化,最迟到战国中期,木偶车马被用于祭祀,成为秦汉以后车马祭祀的发展趋势。

A Prelimary Study on the Sacrificial Rite of Offering Chariots and Horses to Gods in Eastern Zhou Period

Offering chariots and horses to gods can be dated back to Yin dynasty.In Zhou dynasty,char- iots and horses were offered to gods in important rites and only by Zhou king or vassals.However,in Eastern Zhou period,vassals and their subjects overstepped their authority and offered chariots and horses to heaven god,ancestors,god of land,god of mountains and rivers,and so on.Chariots and horses are sunk into river or hidden in the earth.With social development and changes of sacrificial ideas,false chariots and horses,as sacrificial offering to gods,began to be widely used after Qin and Han dynasties.