社区参与和旅游业可持续发展

在旅游业迅猛发展的同时,旅游地问题日益突出,促使人们重视旅游与社区关系问题的研究,从社区的角度思考和寻求实现旅游业可持续发展的可行途径。目前,我国旅游学界对社区参与的研究方兴未艾,但仍然缺乏社区参与的历史演化进程的纵向分析和归纳研究。本文通过分析社区参与旅游发展的阶段性特征,将其划分为四个阶段:个别参与、组织参与、大众参与和全面参与,并描述了"近S形"的总体发展曲线;在此基础上,文章提出:为实现旅游业可持续发展,防止旅游地衰落和旅游地社区解体,社区应该全面参与到旅游业发展过程;当前,社区参与需要在旅游规划、旅游地环境保护、旅游地社区文化维护等三个方面得到加强。

COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM INDUSTRY

With the rapid development of tourism industry, people come across more problems, which lead to a reconsideration about the relationship between tourism and community. It is P. E. Murphy who applied firstly the concept of community involvement in tourism in 1985. From then on, many foreign researches put much attention on this issue to try to find out a new approach for the sustainable development of tourism industry. They did lots of valuable works. Researchers in China began to involve into this issue in 1990's. There is no correlative study analyzing the characteristics of community involvement during the course of development. Travelling is a kind of action between different communities. Since the first traveller came into a community, it means this community began to involve into tourism inevitably. In this paper, after recognizing the features of community involvement in different historical stage, the author partitioned it into four stages:individual involvement, organized involvement, mass involvement and comprehensive involvement. And then the development course was characterized as a curve similar with "S". It is necessary to point out that after the third phase, community involvement had two kinds of tendencies:One is coming down with tourism decline and attraction descending of tourism resources; The other tendency is that the destination community plays a positive role in tourism development with involving into all sectors of tourism industry and tourism decision. So based on this viewpoint, the author made and explained the suggestion that, the destination community should participate in tourism comprehensively in order to preventing the decline of tourism destination and the community disaggregation. Particularly, targeted on sustainable development of tourism industry, the destination community should do more in three aspects as following besides the economic actions:(1)Tourism decision. Especially considering more community demand in tourism planning could make it more acceptable and applicable;(2)Environment protection. After realizing that keeping a natural environment is beneficial, the residents would be more active in environment protection.(3)Culture maintenance. The destination community must do more to keep the core of local culture identified by the young generation.