论美国文官群体的历史演变

19世纪80年代以来,随着美国历史的发展,以文官制度的逐步完善为契机,文官群体的政治角色、经济地位、价值观念以及社会影响都发生了很大的变化,逐步朝着成为美国社会中的一个独立阶层的方向发展。首先,从"政治附庸"发展到"行政主管",文官群体的政治角色发生转换,其政治势力得以迅速膨胀;其次,从收入菲薄到待遇优厚,文官群体的经济地位得到提升,政府的财政负担也随之加重;再次,从"官本位"发展到"权本位",文官群体形成了带有现代官僚特征的价值取向,同时也开始蜕变为一个有人格缺失的群体;最后,从声名狼藉到公众认可,文官群体不仅扩大了社会影响,而且也在新的层面上形成了真正的官僚主义。

On the Historical Evolution of the United States Civil Service Group

The article explores the historical evolution of the United States civil service group on political,economic,cultural and social aspects.The author holds that with the evolution of United States history and the perfection of the United States civil service,the political role,the economic status,the valuable concept and the social influence of the civil service group have changed greatly for a century.At the same time,this group is gradually becoming an independent stratum in American society.Firstly,from " political auxiliary" to " executive manager": this fact shows that the political role of the civil service group has transformed and its political influence expanded rapidly.Secondly,from "poor salary "to "handsome income": it shows that the economic status of the civil service group has improved.In result,it no doubt increased the governmental financial load.Thirdly,from "official rank standard" to "powerful rank standard": it shows that the civil service group has formed a new valuable orientation with the modern bureaucratic trait.The civil service is also becoming a group which lacks perfect personalities.Finally,from" having a low reputation to winning public recognition":it shows that the civil service not only has expanded its social influences,but also has formed a truly bureaucratism on the new layer.