关于清代内外洋划分的几点认识

清代对沿海商民船只往来海道范围内的海域,综合多方因素将其划分为内洋和外洋两部分,并制定了相应的巡防管辖制度。本文在已有研究基础上,通过考察相关文献,就清代内外洋的划分问题提出几点认识。第一,沿海各地内外洋的划分并非一成不变,由于种种原因,有时会将内洋改划入外洋,或将外洋改划入内洋。第二,和大陆海岸或设立府厅县衙门岛岸的距离并不是划分内外洋的绝对标准,并非所有近海区域皆为内洋,一些外缘无显著岛礁的沿海标志性海角或海港的附近海域就可以划入外洋。第三,以港湾或岛礁等地标来命名和划分内外洋是当时一个较为普遍的现象,但并不意味着这些港湾岛礁附近海域以外的洋面便不属内洋或外洋,只是有些海域并无岛礁等用以标识或划界而已,沿海商船往来海道以内的海域都属清朝管辖。总之,清代对于沿海广大海域进行了长期有效的管辖。

Some Study on the Division of the Inland and Outside Sea of the Qing Dynasty

In the Qing Dynasty, the coastal areas were divided into two parts: the inlandsea and the outsidesea, and the corresponding patrol defense system was formulated. Based on the existing research, this paper examines the relevant literature and puts forward some views on the division of the inland sea and outsidesea in the Qing Dynasty. First, the division of the inland and outside sea of the coastal areas is not always static. For various reasons, the inland sea is sometimes transferred to the outsidesea, or the outsideseais converted into the inlandsea. Second, the distance from the mainland coast or theshore of Islands where government is established is not the absolute standard for dividing the inland and outsidesea. Not all offshore areas are inlandsea, such as some coastal landmarks or harbors with no outer islands and significant reefs. The nearby waters are clearly classified as outside sea. Thirdly, naming and dividing the inland and outsideseaby landmarks such as harbors or islands and reefs is a relatively common phenomenon at that time. However, it does not mean that the oceans outside the sea areas near these islands do not belong to inland sea or outside sea. Some sea areas do not have islands and reefs for identification or demarcation. The sea lanes where coastal merchant ships come and go are within the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty. In short, the Qing Dynasty carried out long-term effective jurisdiction over the vast coastal areas.