北京都市区就业-居住空间结构及特征研究

近二十年来,在经济社会转型和城市化进程不断加快的背景下,我国许多大城市的就业-居住空间结构发生了巨大的变化。本研究以北京都市区为例,建立北京都市区就业-居住基础地理信息数据库,运用GIS空间分析技术对北京就业-居住空间关系进行多尺度分析,在界定就业中心和居住中心的基础上,评价北京都市区的就业与居住平衡状况。研究结果表明,就业-居住分离是当今北京城市空间结构的突出特征。

A STUDY ON THE SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JOBS-HOUSING STRUCTURE IN BEIJING

This paper provides a case study of Beijing metropolitan area to explore the relationship between employment and residential locations. With data from the second national census of basic units of Beijing and the fifth population census of Beijing, the authors construct geography data base on the platform of geography information system software so as to reveal the spatial distributions of employment and living sites. Based on that, they identify employment centers and living centers, aiming at evaluating the local balances between employment and residential sites. According to different dividing standards, 9 high-density employment centers, 4 employment sub-centers and 6 employment intensive areas are identified with tools of grid analysis in GIS. The driving forces of these employment centers are complicated, but urban plan and the allocation of large scale corporations, industrial parks and government offices might exert a tremendous influence. Despite of lack of accurate living sites data, the authors have taken data of streets from the fifth population census of Beijing instead to identify residential centers. 12 high-density residential centers in inner city, 4 residential sub-centers in suburbs and 6 residential sub-centers in outer suburbs are picked out respectively. The residential spatial structure is affected greatly by living suburbanization and land transfer market. Conclusion comes that employment centers are more concentrated than residential centers in inner city, and the employment centers are separated from residential centers to a great extent.When coming to the spatial organization of two functions, the authors adopt index of jobs-housing balance to evaluate the local balances between employment and residential sites. Jobs are surplus compared to local living workers in inner city and residents are surplus compared with local employment opportunities in surrounding area. Index of jobs-housing balance goes down along with rising distances away from urban center. Both on district scale and street scale, spatial structures come into imbalances between employment and residential sites, which has been a highlighted feature for Beijing metropolitan area.