秦汉边郡概念小考

郡在设置之初就与边地有着密切的关系,传世文献中《史记》最早出现"边郡"一词。边郡成为秦汉一个习见的概念,它的认定是要有一定标准的,必须有"障徼"等边防设施才能称为边郡。边郡意涵其实有广义狭义之分,有时并不能严格按"有障徼"的边境线所在来划分界定。边郡与内郡的众多差异中,生产方式的差异有决定性的意义,这些差异影响到人们的习性风气。在中国领土幅员初步成形的时期,秦始皇、汉武帝在位时有过两次大的开边扩土的浪潮,这也是边郡设置的两个高潮,设置过众多的边郡。

The Research on the Frontier States of the Qin and Han Dynasties

States(郡)were releted close with the border district at the organization structuring.They first appeared in the Shiji(史记)records.On Qin and Han dynasties they became a customary concept,they were found to have a certain standard,and there must build some military frontier defenses and so on the border could be referred to as frontier states.In fact,there are broad implications of the narrow,sometimes not strictly according to where the border line to define the division.Between the frontier and inland states,the major difference was the production,which affect people's habits.There are two periods to establish a lot of frontier states,which in the time of the First Qin Emperor(秦始皇)and Wu Emperor of Han(汉武帝).