中国历代宗教治理的得失镜鉴

治理与管理一字之差,体现的是系统把握、刚柔并济、综合施策、互利双赢。中国历代宗教治理不仅包括政府刚性的宗教管理,还包括整个社会柔性的礼乐教化;宗教治理不仅包括针对宗教的一套规则,而且包括社会的政治经济管理制度;宗教治理不仅指政府的管理,也包括宗教组织的自治;宗教治理的手段不仅是控制、引导、操纵,还包括对话、辩论、汇通;宗教治理的结果并非简单的支配与服从,更多的是理解与配合。具体内容包括:对宗教“敬而远之”的治理理念;多元宗教和谐并存又不一家独大;礼乐教化引导外来宗教中国化;保持政教关系的适度张力;经济上控制宗教发展的适度规模;政府管理与僧团自治结合运用;防范境外宗教引发的国家主权危机。

Lessons from Religious Governance in Ancient China

Religious governance in ancient China includes not only the rigid management of religions by the government,but also the soft education of rituals and music on the entire society;Religious governance includes not only a set of rules for religious practices,but also the political and economic management system of society;Religious governance not only refers to the management of the government,but also includes the autonomy of religious organizations;The means of religious governance are not only control,guidance,and manipulation,but also dialogue,debate,and communication;The result of religious governance is not simple domination and obedience,but more understanding and cooperation.Its practice includes to keep religion at a respectful distance as an administrative management concept,to cultivate the plurality of religious coexistence in harmony without one becoming dominant,to sinicize foreign religions through rituals and music,to maintain the moderate tension between politics and religion,to economically control the moderate scale of religious development,to supervise Sangha autonomy through state management,and to guard against the crisis of national sovereignty caused by foreign religious influence.