汉代黄老学述略——兼及曹魏时期

两汉是中国哲学史上黄老思想发展的重要阶段。西汉前期,部分地方黄老学派由隐而显,先后进入朝廷,开创了黄老学由民间学说飞跃而为官方统治思想的局面。汉武帝时期“罢黜百家,表彰‘六经’”虽为黄老学发展的转折点,但仅止于政治意识形态领域,在其他方面黄老学仍然有很大的发展。自西汉前期至东汉后期,有黄老学者或集聚于王公卿相门下讲论“道”“德”,或授徒讲学、著书立说,从而形成了若干地方黄老学中心。司马迁所说“儒道互绌”应是特殊情况下的个别而非普遍现象。司马迁前后学黄老者更多的是儒道兼习而学有所偏。汉魏时期崇习黄老的学者中,不但出现了家庭式、家族式的黄老学者团体,而且出现了对黄老学发展发挥了重要作用的三位女性。

Study on the Theory of Huang-Lao in the Han Dynasty and the Period of Cao Wei

The Han dynasty is an important stage for the development of Huang-Lao thought in the history of Chinese philosophy.In the earlier stage of the Western Han Dynasty,scholars from some local schools of Huang-Lao had came to the forefront and entered the imperial court,which turned the Huang-Lao thought from a folk theory to the official ruling thought.During Emperor Hanwu’s reign,“dismissing the other schools of thought,and commending the six classics”was one of the turning points in the development of Huang-Lao school,but this negative influence was only limited to political ideology,the theory of Huang-Lao experienced important development in other aspects.From the early Western Han Dynasty to the late Eastern Han Dynasty,Huang-Lao scholars either gathered at the princes and ministers’places to teach“Dao”and“De”,or gave lectures and wrote books,thus forming several local centers of Huang-Laoism.Sima Qian’s view that“Confucianists and Taoists afflict each other”should be a special case rather than ageneral phenomenon.Before and after the lifetime of Sima Qian,Taoists studied both Taoism and Confucianism,and put emphasis on either of them.In the Han dynasty and the period of Caowei,there were not only family scholars who upheld the theory of Huang-Lao,but even three women who played an important role in the development of the theory of Huang-Lao.