新疆行省制下督、抚、将军的改制探索

清末新疆改设行省,施行"新制"。在这个过程中,如何策划新设行省的高层政区,妥善处理督、抚、将军的关系是清廷面临解决的两个重要问题。由于朝廷议定的行省建置实际上已经偏离左宗棠、刘锦棠最初的设计,以致贯穿清末新疆省政治生活内部最突出的问题——抚、军争权与督、抚、将军关系问题,本质上是由新疆行省制度设置的不完善及行政层级的缺陷造成的。当新疆的社会常情与朝廷的谕令章程发生矛盾时,其高层政区的运转弊症尤为引人瞩目,清廷也在不断地尝试内外均衡的调适机制。最终,新疆"新制"运行改革的过程,并入了晚清政府探索变革的轨道。

Reformation Explorations of the Viceroy,Governor and General Relations in the Xinjiang Provincial System

Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty,Xinjiang Province was established to carryout a“new system”.During this process,how to plan its high-level administration,and how to properly deal with the relations between its Viceroy,Governor and General,became two important issues that the Qing Court must deal with.As the provincial establishment agreed upon by the imperial court had in fact already deviated from the initial design by Zuo Zongtang and Liu Jintang,the most prominent issue that ran through the interior political life of Xinjiang Province at the end of Qing Dynasty-the fight for power between the Governor and the General,that is,the relations between the Viceroy,the Governor and the General,was essentially causedby the imperfection of the Xinjiang Provincial system and the deficiency at administrative levels.When Xinjiang's social normal contradicted orders and regulations from the imperial court,the operational deficiency of its high-level administration became especially noticeable.The Qing Court was also constantly trying modulation mechanisms out to achieve balance between Xinjiang's interior and exterior.Finally,the operation and reform of the“newsystem”of Xinjiang was merged into the trajectory of reformation explorations of the late Qing governmen.