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PRE-COLUMBIAN METALLURGY: TECHNOLOGY,MANUFACTURE, AND MICROPROBE ANALYSES OF COPPER BELLS FROM THE GREATER SOUTHWEST*
Authors:J. W. PALMER  M. G. HOLLANDER  P. S. Z. ROGERS  T. M. BENJAMIN  C. J. DUFFY  J. B. LAMBERT  J. A. BROWN
Abstract:Twenty-four cast copper crotals (commonly called bells), one 'spilled bell’, one tinkler bell and a number of minerals from locations throughout the Greater Southwest were analysed for their elemental composition by a PIXE nuclear microprobe at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA. Sixteen bells contained minor and trace amounts of silver, antimony, arsenic, lead, and in some cases tin, strontium, and selenium. Nine bells contained little or no detectable amounts of these elements. This suggests that several workshops throughout the Greater Southwest and Mexico might have manufactured these bells.
Keywords:USA  GREATER SOUTHWEST  MEXICO  PRE-COLUMBIAN  PARTICLE INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION MICROPROBE ANALYSIS  BELL  CROTAL  COPPER  COMPOSITION  WORKSHOPS  TRADE
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