几件明代斗彩和清代粉彩瓷片的科学分析

为探索光谱学和光学技术组合对中国彩瓷的无损综合科学分析,科学揭示我国两种著名彩瓷斗彩和粉彩的宏观和微观特征,探讨其制作工艺,应用多光谱成像、超景深体视显微分析、光学相干层析(OCT)成像、能量色散型X射线荧光分析和激光拉曼光谱技术,对4件景德镇官窑烧制的明代斗彩瓷片和2件山西新绛县绛州州署衙遗址出土的清代粉彩瓷片,进行了面、点相结合的综合分析。分析结果表明:这两类彩瓷的釉上彩与白釉域的化学成分有明显区别,明代斗彩的釉上彩中含有较高的铅元素,而清代粉彩的釉上彩中同时含有铅和砷。明代斗彩的深红色釉上彩为赤铁矿着色,而清代彩瓷片的红色釉上彩为赤铁矿着色,深红色釉上彩为朱砂着色;明代斗彩的绿彩为铜离子着色,青花呈色元素是钴。采用多光谱成像技术识别和分析了釉上彩区域一些隐藏的图像信息,同时也通过OCT成像技术直观分析了釉上彩区域的断面结构。研究为早期釉上彩瓷器制作工艺的认知提供了科学依据,也为今后的科学研究提供了有益的方法学参考。对这两种各具特色的彩瓷进行科学分析对认识中国古代陶瓷技术的发展具有重要意义。

Scientific analyses of Ming Dynasty Doucai and Qing Dynasty famille-rose porcelain shards

In order to explore nondestructive methods to analyze colored Chinese porcelains, we used spectroscopy and optical methods to reveal the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of two kinds of famous colored porcelains, namely, Doucai (clashing color porcelain) and famille-rose porcelain. We also discuss the technology used to make them. We carried out comprehensive analyses on four Doucai shards from Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, and two shard samples with famille-rose decoration from Xinjiang County, Shanxi province, using individual point sampling and comparative study. With the aid of multi-spectral imaging, stereomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and laser Raman spectrometry, we found that the two kinds of porcelains obviously differ in the chemical compositions of their over-glaze decorations and ceramic glazes. The over-glaze decorations of the Doucai contain a high content of lead, whereas those of the famille-rose porcelains contain arsenic besides lead. For the Doucai, the deep red, green and blue over-glaze decorations were colored respectively with hematite, copper iron and cobalt. For the famille-rose porcelains, the red over-glaze decorations were colored with hematite and the deep red one with cinnabar. Multi-spectral imaging technology was applied to identify and analyze some hidden image information about the over-glaze decoration, and OCT was used to visually observe the cross-section structure of the over-glaze decorations. This study provides a scientific basis for the identification of the porcelain-making technologies of the early porcelains with over-glaze decorations, and also provides a useful methodological reference for the future scientific research. Therefore, the scientific analyses of these two kinds of distinctive porcelains are of great significance in understanding the development of ancient ceramic technologies of China.