清代马铃薯在陕西的引种与传播

从清代陕西地方志等史料的记载来看,马铃薯引种陕西的主要路径大致有三:从东南沿海地区引入秦岭北麓山地;从川鄂地区引进陕南;从内蒙等地引种至陕北。受人口激增和马铃薯优良遗传特性等要素影响,清代马铃薯在陕西的传播范围相当广泛,在关中、陕南和陕北的高山冷凉地区及陕北沙地都有分布。在秦岭山区,马铃薯传播范围最广、社会接纳程度最高,逐渐从杂粮发展成为山民的主食之一,其它功能亦得到有效开发;在关中边缘山区,马铃薯也常常被用作备荒之重要杂粮,在平原地区则是利用"隙地"开始作为菜蔬和杂粮有所种植;在陕北,种植日广,除了济荒之外,其蔬菜之用亦受到了人们的青睐。受传统的饮食结构、马铃薯自身缺陷等因素的制约,清代马铃薯在陕西的种植区域以冷凉地区为主,但自清末而始,其种植范围迅速扩大,呈现出高下俱种之态势。

Introduction and Propagation of Potato in Shaanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty

As shown in the local historical records of Shaanxi province,by the Qing dynasty,potato was introduced into Shaanxi in three major ways:from the southeast coastal area to the northern Mountains of Qinling,recorded as the earliest route;from Sichuan and Hubei provinces to Southern Shaanxi;and from the Inner Mongolia to Northern Shaanxi.Due to the inherent advantages of potato which is easy to grow and tolerant to poverty,and other factors such as population explosion,in the Qing dynasty,potato was spread widely in Shaanxi,including the high mountainous and cold areas in Central Shaanxi,Northern Shaanxi and Southern Shaanxi and the sandy land in Northern Shaanxi.In Qinling mountainous,potato was spread most rapidly and widely,and increasingly developed as a staple food from a corase grain,meanwhile other functions had also been effectively developed.Though it generally consumed as a vegetable or stored food against famine respectively in Northern and Central Shaanxi.It was by the end of the Qing dynasty that potato,once mainly planted in cool areas of Shanxi mainly due to the traditional diet structure in the region and the difficulty in preserving tubers of potato,began to be grown in both high and low areas.