土质建筑遗址传统营造技法的演化与特征探析

土是延用至今最重要的建筑材料之一,在人类认知和掌握不同环境土的性能和特点的进程中,创造了类型丰富的土质建筑遗址。对传统营造工艺的认知、传承、挖掘和应用成为当下土质建筑遗址保护的关键问题。因此,本工作基于土质建筑遗址保存现状、建筑形制、结构特征和传统营造技法调查,结合文献记载和研究成果,按照营造技法将土建筑遗址分为生土挖造、泥土堆筑、生土夯筑、土坯砌筑和湿泥垛筑5大类15亚类,阐释了随着生产力的发展和功能需要多方面共同推动,营造技法呈递进式发展演化,且呈现出不同营造技法既具备各自的鲜明特征又相互渗透的特点,也是适应环境和功能需求的具体体现,具有一定的规律性。研究结果为深入研究早期建筑形制和营造技法提供了依据。

Evolution and characteristics of traditional building techniques for earthen architectural sites

Soil, one of the most important building materials, is being used even now. In the course of understanding and mastering the performances and characteristics of different environmental soils by human beings, a rich variety of earthen architectural sites have been created. Based on documentary records and research results, this paper divides earthen architectural sites into five classes (i.e., raw soil, wattle and daub, rammed earth, adobe masonry and mud piled construction) and 15 subclasses by building technique on the basis of the investigation of preservation state, architectural form and structural feature of earthen sites and traditional building techniques. It also reveals that 1) the building techniques show a progressive developing evolution with the promotion by productivity growth and functional requirements, and 2) different building techniques have their respective features but interpenetrate to each other, which indicates building techniques are the embodiment of acclimatization and functional requirements and have certain regularity. This paper provides a basis for further study of early architectural forms and building techniques.