Sky-wave backscatter observations of sporadic-E over Japan |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN;2. Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN;3. Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;4. Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;5. Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;6. Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN;7. Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;8. Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;9. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI;10. Department of Urology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI;11. Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA;12. Department of Urology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL;13. Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;14. Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;15. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;1. Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China;1. University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal;2. Wheat Marketing Center, Portland, OR, United States |
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| Abstract: | Observations of sporadic-E (Es) activity have been carried out during 1970–1974 by using a 25 MHz sounder operating at Iioka, Japan (36°N). Earth backscatter echoes were presented on range-azimuth-intensity plots and recorded on facsimile paper.Examination of individual Es clouds has shown the variations in sizes and lifetimes with time of day and season. Es clouds drifted predominantly toward the west-southwest. Analysis of drift vectors revealed the presence of a north-south variation of the drift direction with a semi-diurnal period. The observed Es cloud motions are consistent with the interpretation that Es clouds move with the neutral winds in the lower E-region. The seasonal dependence of azimuthal occurrence of Es echoes revealed the north-south and east-west difference over Japan. The north-south difference is found to be due to the seasonal movement of the latitudinal position of the maximum Es activity. The east-west difference which is mainly caused by the difference in backscatter coefficient between land and sea was found during only a few non-summer months. |
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