美国城市蔓延之后的规划运动及其启示

本文以对我国城市规划的借鉴和启示为目的,探索性的从社会历史视角分析了导致美国城市蔓延的原由,并述评了美国各界针对蔓延问题引发全面反思,和在规划界形成的目前具有广泛影响力的"聪明增长"、"新都市主义"和"可持续发展"等新规划思潮、主张及其反对者的批判观点。在此基础上,指出我国城市化过程中以"前车之鉴"谋求可持续发展,探索符合国情的城市空间模式的关键点:①警惕蔓延;②完善城市交通格局;③挖掘"单位制"的新生命力;④促进混合高强度土地利用和开发模式。

THE AMERICAN NEW PLANNING MOVEMENTS AFTER URBAN SPRAWL AND ITS APOCALYPSE

The United States urban sprawl that began from 1950 ages has already been regarded as a kind of illness of urban developments around the world. With the purpose of drawing lessons and enlightens to our country's urban planning, the paper tries to analyze social and historical reasons that have been motive power of American urban sprawl. Secondly, the paper states the rethinking of urban sprawl form all circles in the U. S., and then introduces the most famous new planning movements such as Smart Growth, Sustainable Development, New Urbanism and so on. They include urban policy and laws on urban management of exploitation, space model of urban development, and so on. Thirdly, the paper gives some reviews on the huge influence and its reasons of the new American urban planning movements. Finally, based on above observation, comparing to our country' s actuality about urban space model in urban development and planning, the paper proposes that we should have lessons drawn from American mistakes, but not follow them. Further more, the paper probes into several problems in seeking for proper urban space model and policy of urban development on the process of urban urbanizations. ①We must alert urban sprawl and keep on exploring sustainable urban governance policy and space model in the present of our country's fast and huge scale urbanizations, especially pay attention to induct the public opinions on consumption and culture in looking for the mechanisms of structural innovation. ②We should commit us to build sustainable transport frame to reduce the consumption of car, and how to do? ③We should reduce the distance between the resident district and the work place, look into our past organizing model of urban life and find a proper way for today's usage. ④We should promote multi-intensive model of land use in urban exploitation, especially in our country's situation. In the end, the paper emphasizes that cooperation of planning researchers is very important in pursuing general changes of mechanisms and urban form. At the same, the paper deem that the key, as well as the best way, in selecting and changing present spatial model to sustainable ones in urban development must cooperate with inductions of the public residential and consumptive idea.