云冈石窟佛衣类型

云冈石窟主要雕凿于北魏中后期,分为三期。第一期及第二期造像为太和改制以前流行的佛衣,多沿袭印度传统,其中勾联纹覆肩袒右佛衣可能是在云冈形成的样式。第二期太和改制以后及第三期盛行的佛衣,偏重汉地传统,大概多与南朝的影响有关。甘肃天水麦积山石窟与敦煌莫高窟早期洞窟中流行勾联纹覆肩袒右佛衣,推测两地早期洞窟中佛像始凿的时间不早于云冈第一期。北魏迁都洛阳后,云冈的佛衣在龙门石窟继续发展。

A Typology of Buddhist Garments in the Yungang Grottoes

The main grottoes at Yungang were constructed during three periods of the mid- and late-Northern Wei Dynasty.The Buddhist garments depicted in the caves of the first and second period,prior to the reform of the Taihe reign period,perpetuated Indian traditions and the cassock with covered shoulders drawn to the right and decorated with a connected hook design was the prevailing fashion at Yungang.In the third period,after the Taihe reform,there was an emphasis on Chinese dress traditions which were influenced by the fashions of the Southern Dynasties.In the Maijishan grottoes at Tianshui,Gansu province,and in the early period Mogao grottoes at Dunhuang,the cassock with covered shoulders drawn to the right and decorated with a connected hook design was also popular,and so it is believed that the early caves at both these sites could not have been much earlier than the first period at Yungang. After the Northern Wei moved its capital to Luoyang,the Yungang Buddhist garments continued to be developed at the Longmen Caves.