清代湖南的慈善事业

清代湖南的慈善机构不仅数量可观，而且种类也渐趋完备，涉及到慈幼、养老、救济节妇、施医、施棺、义塾、义冢等。其兴办方式大致分为官办、官绅共办、民办三种。不同行业的慈善机构在经营运作的过程中，呈现出许多共性，如官督绅办的管理模式和以官款资助、私人捐赠、以土养产、以息养业等为主的筹资渠道等。湖南慈善事业的契约化、制度化特征，不仅仅是慈善事业管理方式的进步，而且也意味着城市市民社会新的发展。它缓解了社会的波动，促使政府与社会的关系向良性互动方向发展。

Philanthropy of Hunan in Qing Dynasty

Philanthropy organs of Hunan in Qing dynasty not only were more considerable quantities,but perfected gradually,touching upon being kinds to the young and caring for the old,relieving the woman adhering to widowhood,giving free medical service,applying coffins,free private school,cemetery for burying the remains of unidentified persons,etc..The establishment of philanthropy was classified roughly into three kinds of style,i.e., operated by the government,run jointly by officials and the gentry and run by the local people.Many generalities appeared in the course of the philanthropy organs' management and movement,such as the model which the government supervised and the gentry set up,and the channels of raising funds by the supporting of public funds,private donation and getting the interest from the earth and loan,etc..The systematization and contractual relationship of Hunan's philanthropy not only appeared the improvement of management,but meant more development of the civic society of city.It cushioned the fluctuation of the society,and impelled link between the government and the society to develop in the direction of benignity and mutual benefit.