中原文化与土著文化在梅州的整合研究——以梅州客家山歌的形成为例

作为汉族民系的客家创造了独特的客家文化 ,客家山歌就是其中的典型代表之一。客家是一个历史范畴 ,又是一种地域现象。从文化地理学理论考察 ,区域文化的成型取决于主体文化要素的分别成熟。据此 ,确定客家民系与客家文化的成型期在明末清初。由于历史的原因 ,梅州客家文化与梅州客家山歌具有客家区域文化代表意义。中原文化与土著文化的整合造就了特色鲜明的客家文化。这在梅州客家山歌的形成过程中有充分的体现。中原文化构建了梅州客家山歌的骨架。因此 ,梅州客家山歌的艺术风格、修辞方法、章法结构都留有“十五国风”以及迁徙途经的江南吴音印迹。客家山歌自明末清初始与吴歌分道扬镳 ,佐证了客家民系及其文化成型于明末清初说。土著文化填充了客家山歌的肉体并使其尽显地域个性。因而 ,梅州客家山歌中还大量存在土著民族的歌词、唱名、旋律及修辞方法。从过程来看 ,文化整合导致梅州客家山歌的形成也是客家民系长期的区域环境感应的结果。从模式与效应来看 ,梅州客家山歌的形成经历了前期的汉族低势位文化与土著高势位文化的整合、中期汉族与土著等势位文化的整合、后期汉族高势位文化与土著低势位文化的整合的不同模式。属于特殊的高低互位的文化整合模式 ,其效应是互相融合。

Cultural Integration Study of Zhongyuan Culture and Original Culture in Meizhou

Hakka is a kind of history conception and also a kind of regional phenomenon. As a kind of Han nation, Hakka people have created distinctive Hakka culture including its folk songs. The author believes that the forming of a kind of regional culture is depended on the forming of its main cultural elements, and because adobe storied buildings, terraced fields, Hakka dialect and Hakka folk songs which are consisted of Hakka culture body were proved to be formed in the last stage of Ming Dynasty and the initial stage of Qing Dynasty, so the paper considers Hakka national branch and its culture were formed in the period time above. It was the cultural integration of Zhongyuan(an former regional title where situated in the middle and lower reaches of Huanghe River) culture and original culture that bring up Hakka culture, which is represented by Hakka folk songs. Meizhou, a southeast area of Guangdong province, is thought of the most population of Hakka people and most typical Hakka cultural appearance. The paper thinks that there are many marks of fifteen nations' folk songs and Jiangnan's songs of Wu in folk songs Hakka folk songs of Meizhou, just as artistic style, the rhetoric and structure of these songs. In other words Zhongyyuan culture is the skeleton of the Hakka folk songs in Meizhou, in the meanwhile, original culture makes it be of regional characteristic by filling other cultural substance up its body. That is the reason that now we can find there are many words, melody and rhetoric methods of original nations' folk songs in Hakka folk songs of Meizhou. The paper analyses the process, the pattern and the effect of this cultural integration. It points out that the forming of Hakka folk songs of Meizhou resulted from Hakka people to the regional environment interaction. The pattern of the cultural integration is a special sort of postion-tranfering of two kinds cultures. Its effect is intermixed and this leads to the folk songs of Meizhou as an element of unique Hakka culture.