Signs in the heavens in Groningen and Friesland in 1214: Oliver of Cologne and crusading propaganda |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 4PL;2. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, The University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ;3. Uppsala University,Uppsala, Sweden;1. Institut für Erdwissenschaften, Universität Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria;2. National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar-25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;3. Isotope Geosciences Unit, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 0QF, United Kingdom;4. Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France;5. Department of Geology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;6. Department of Earth Science, Salzburg University, Austria |
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| Abstract: | The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was preceded by a widespread campaign of preaching. In the ecclesiastical province of Cologne the most prominent crusade preacher was the cathedral scholaster Oliver. When he preached the crusade in Frisia in 1214 crosses appeared in the sky in three different places. One reads often about such like apparitions in the sources of the period, but, exceptionally, the crucified Christ was also seen on one of these occasions. Was this observed by everyone present, including the learned preacher himself? An analysis of the sources at hand shows otherwise. Still, Oliver quickly publicised his account of this wonder, not only in the province of Cologne but likewise in France, in order to promote the international crusading campaign. When the crusade got under way, the story lost its direct propaganda value but, alongside two other accounts of apparitions of crosses, it rapidly found its way into the historical and edificatory literature of the middle ages. |
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