创建荒野:印第安人的移徙与美国国家公园

当代环境保护运动是从美国对自然环境变化、全球工业化扩张与政治现代化过程的独特响应中发展起来的。从环保运动中涌现出了一种全新的自然观念,其中包含着基于种族移徙的荒野思想。这种荒野观允许白人为了娱乐消遣和静默冥想的目的而排他性地占用人迹杳然的荒野,并且将这种做法视为天经地义。把人类活动排除在外的荒野观对于美国和国际社会的国家公园和荒野区域的建立影响深远。当世界各地的土著居民们宣称拥有公园土地所有权和资源使用权时,前述荒野观便引发了诸多冲突。

Creating Wilderness: Indian Removal and America's National Parks

The contemporary conservation and environmental movements grew out of America's particular response to nature and the dynamics of global industrial expansion and political modernization.What emerged from this movement was a new concept of nature that contained within it an idea of wilderness that was racially purified.It allowed and even justified almost exclusive use of this depopulated wilderness by whites for recreation and contemplation.This concept of wilderness as devoid of humans influenced the establishment of national parks and wilderness areas in the United States and internationally.It has left a legacy of conflicts around the globe,particularly regarding aboriginal claims to ownership and resource rights on park land.